Co-maternity, Gender Neutral Parentage and Multi-Parentage: New Challenges for Polish Private International Law in Matters of Filiation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31261/PPPM.2023.33.01Keywords:
parentage, co-maternity, multi-parentage, anticipated joint acknowledgement, pre-conception parentage agreements, characterisation, preliminary question, law applicable to filiation, public policy exception, principle of the child’s welfareAbstract
The article presents new types of parentage, adopted in foreign legal systems. The analysis is carried out not only at the substantive law level, but also in terms of conflicts of laws that may emerge in Poland with regard to those new institutions. Firstly, the Authors explain why such new instruments should be characterised as covered by the scope of Polish conflict rules on filiation and not of those on adoption. Next, particular legal solutions, adopted in different states, concerning filiation are discussed and analysed from the perspective of the Polish private international law. Those foreign solutions are: co-maternity (established by operation of law or by the acknowledgment of a child by the co-mother), parentage based on gender neutral dispositions, and multi-parentage (resulting from a pre-conception agreement or from a judicial decision). Besides indicating which conflict rules (statutory or conventional) should be applied in order to identify the law applicable to particular kinds of those foreign institutions, the Authors also try to define the scope of the law applicable in this regard. Finally, the Authors discuss circumstances in which the Polish public policy exception should intervene against effects of the application of foreign rules concerning types of parentage unknown in the Polish legal system.
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