The European Union’s Soft Economic Power Assessment: A Comparative Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31261/spus.13276Keywords:
the European Union, soft power, economic power, brand, imageAbstract
Soft economic power is related to subjective perceptions of attractiveness, justice, and success of an economic system and economic policy. The current state of the European Union soft power relatively to other global economic powers is analyzed with several approaches: opinion polls, objective indicators, value estimates, and infometric method. They prove either the supremacy of the EU or second best result after the US. Positive contribution to the EU soft power is provided by its development level, quality of life, national and corporate brands, business regulation, environmental protection priorities, economic freedoms, integration initiatives, development assistance, tourism, creative industries, education, science, culture, and healthcare. The main challenges for the EU image is slower economic growth and a domination of American and Chinese corporate brands in media, technological, and banking sectors.
References
Abels, Ch. M., Anheier, H. K., Begg, I., & Featherstone, K. (2020). Enhancing Europe’s global power: a scenario exercise with eight proposals. Global Policy, 11(1), 128–142. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-5899.12792
Anholt, S. (2020). The Good Country Index. Version 1.4. https://www.goodcountry.org/
Bhardawaj, B., Kaur, K., & Jain, A. (2019). Competitive survivability: a study of impact of global crisis on Indonesia and India. International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration, 5(3), 22–27. https://researchleap.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/03.-Competitive-Survivability.pdf
Bilal, S., & Hoekman, B. (2019, July 31). Perspectives on the soft power of EU trade policy: A new eBook. VoxEU.org – CEPR’s policy portal.https://voxeu.org/article/perspectives-soft-power-eu-trade-policy-new-ebook
Bloom Consulting (2017). The digital country index’17. http://www.digitalcountryindex.com
Bloom Consulting (2017/2018). Country brand ranking. Tourism edition 2017-2018. https://www.bloom-consulting.com/pdf/rankings/Bloom_Consulting_Country_Brand_Ranking_Tourism.pdf
Brand Finance (2021). Nation brands 2021 ranking. https://brandirectory.com/rankings/nation-brands/table
Brand Finance (2022). Global rankings. Brand rankings by sector and country. https://brandirectory.com/rankings
Carminati, D. (2022). The economics of soft power: Reliance on economic resources and instrumentality in economic gains. Economic and Political Studies, 10(1), 19–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/20954816.2020.1865620
Chernega, E. (2013). The European Union’s leadership potential. EURINT Conference Proceedings “The EU as a model of soft power in the Eastern neighbourhood”, Romania, 27–32. https://cse.uaic.ro/eurint/proceedings/index_htm_files/EURINT_2013.pdf
Chugaiev O. A. (2018). National Economic Power in the Global Economy. [Doctoral dissertation]. Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. [Чугаєв, О.А. (2018). Економічна сила країни у глобальному господарстві [дис. … д-ра екон. наук]. Київський національний університет імені Тараса Шевченка]. http://scc.univ.kiev.ua/upload/iblock/4a3/dis_Chugaiev O. A..pdf
Devlin, K. (2019, May 20). Нow Europeans see key institutions and issues ahead of European Parliament elections. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/05/20/how-europeans-see-key-institutions-and-issues-ahead-of-european-parliament-elections/
Devlin, K., Fagan M., & Connaughton, A. (2021, June 23). People in advanced economies say their society is more divided than before pandemic. Publics disagree about whether restrictions on public activity have gone far enough to combat COVID-19. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/06/23/people-in-advanced-economies-say-their-society-is-more-divided-than-before-pandemic/
Dimitrova, A., Mazepus, H., Boroda, M., Chulitskaya, T., Berbeca, V., & Parvan, T. (2016). Soft, normative or transformative power: What do the EU’s communications with Eastern partners reveal about its influence?. EU-STRAT. https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/documents/downloadPublic?documentIds=080166e5b53b9d8f&appId=PPGMS
European Commission (2021a). Europeans’ opinions about the European Union’s priorities (Standard Eurobarometer report No. 95). https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2532
European Commission (2021b). The Euro Area (Flash Eurobarometer report No. 501). https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2289
Eurostat (2020). The EU in the world. 2020 edition. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3217494/10934584/KS-EX-20-001-EN-N.pdf/8ac3b640-0c7e-65e2-9f79-d03f00169e17?t=1590936683000
FutureBrand (2015). Made in. The value of country of origin for future brands. https://carlobattisti.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/made_in_final_hr.pdf
Goldthau, A., & Sitter, N. (2015). Soft power with a hard edge: EU policy tools and energy security. Review of International Political Economy, 22(5), 941–965. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09692290.2015.1008547
Höhn, K. H. (2011). Geopolitics and the measurement of national power [Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades an der Fakultät Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, Fachbereich Sozialwissenschaften der Universität Hamburg]. SUB Hamburg. https://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/handle/ediss/5238
International Monetary Fund (2021, October). World Economic Outlook. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October
Julius, D. (2005). US economic power: waxing or waning? Harvard International Review, 26(4), 14–19. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42762993?refreqid=excelsior%3A4a 7453ff29ea9fca253109bcac952874
Kudryavtsev, A. A. (2014). A systemic view of the soft power (EUI Working Paper No. RSCAS 2014/16). European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, Global Governance Programme. https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/29922/RSCAS_2014_16.pdf?sequence=1
Kunst, A. (2019). Made-in country index: country ranking 2017. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/677973/made-in-country-index-country-ranking/
Lisbonne de Vergeron, K. (2015). China-EU relations and the future of European soft power: a strategy for a European cultural diploma. Strategic Update (15.4). LSE IDEAS, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK. https://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/Assets/Documents/updates/LSE-IDEAS-China-EU-Relations-and-the-Future-of-European-Soft-Power.pdf
Malanciuc, B. (2014). The future of economic power. Ovidius University Annals. Economic Sciences Series, 14(1), 34–37. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Simona-Frone/publication/267631295_Issues_and_Objectives_of_Green_Tax_Reform_Ovidius_University _Annals_Economic_Sciences_Series/links/5458f1c60cf2cf516483c3f7/Issues-and-Objectives-of-Green-Tax-Reform-Ovidius-University-Annals-Economic-Sciences-Series.pdf
Mihalcea, A.-D., & Vitelar, A. (2015). The European Union brand and its appeal to young Europeans – an in-depth perspective from Romanian student. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 22(3), 101–110. http://store.ectap.ro/articole/1113.pdf
Nielsen, K. L. (2013). EU soft power and the capability-expectations gap. Journal of Contemporary European Research, 9(5), 723–739. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kristian-Nielsen-14/publication/290557510_EU_Soft_Power_and_the_Capability-Expectations_Gap/links/5f365746458515b7291f2fbc/EU-Soft-Power-and-the-Capability-Expectations-Gap.pdf
Nye, J. S. (2004). “Soft power” and American-European relations. Free Thought – ХХI, 10, 20–24 [Най, Дж. С. (2004) «Мягкая» сила и американо-европейские отношения. Свободная мысль – ХХI, 10, 20–24]. https://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Polit/Article/nai_msil.php
Nye, J. S. (2014). The information revolution and soft power. Current History, 113(759), 19–22. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:11738398
Pew Research Center (2020, March). Global indicators database. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/database/
Popovska, B., & Darcq J. (2019). European Union nation branding through humanitarian and developmental initiatives – focus on EU aid volunteers. Academicus International Scientific Journal, 20, 142–153. https://academicus.edu.al/nr20/Academicus-MMXIX-20-142-153.pdf
Sajjad, M. W. (2011, May 4). Soft power: a mechanism for constructing a new political reality. Center for Political Studies Roundtable. https://issi.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1309327935_37723369.pdf
Sasu, D. V., & Băgăian, N. Iu.. A. (2010). Aspects regarding the difficult process of building a Romanian tourism brand. Annals of Faculty of Economics, 1(2), 1141–1146. http://anale.steconomiceuoradea.ro/volume/2010/n2/183.pdf
Smith K. E. (2014). Is the European Union’s soft power in decline? Current history, 108, 104–109. https://online.ucpress.edu/currenthistory/article/113/761/104/107660/Is-the-European-Union-s-Soft-Power-in-Decline
Smith, M. (2009). Between ‘soft power’ and a hard place: European Union Foreign and Security Policy between the Islamic world and the United States. International Politics, 46 (5), 596–615. https://hdl.handle.net/2134/15009
Thomson, S. (2020, February 25). Soft power: why it matters to governments, people, and brands. Brand finance. https://brandfinance.com/insights/soft-power-why-itmatters
Trading economies (2022, January 24). Forecast GDP growth rate. https://tradingeconomics.com/forecast/gdp-growth-rate
Treverton, G. F., & Jones, S. G. (2005). Measuring national power: conference proceedings. RAND National Security Research Division. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/conf_proceedings/2005/RAND_CF215.pdf
UNCTADStat (2022). Data Center. http://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds /ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx
United Nations Development Programme (2020). 2020 Human Development Index Ranking. http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/latest-human-development-index-ranking
Wike, R., Poushter, J., Silver, L., Devlin, K., Fetterolf, J., Castillo, A., & Huang, Ch. (2019, October 14). European public opinion three decades after the fall of communism. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/the-european-union/
World Bank (2020). Doing business. https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/doingbusiness
World Bank (2021a, October 27). Wealth Accounts. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/wealth-accounts
World Bank (2021b, December 16). World Development Indicators. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The Copyright Owners of the submitted texts grant the Reader the right to use the pdf documents under the provisions of the Creative Commons 4.0 International License: Attribution-Share-Alike (CC BY-SA). The user can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose.
1. License
The University of Silesia Press provides immediate open access to journal’s content under the Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Authors who publish with this journal retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned CC BY-SA 4.0 license.
2. Author’s Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s.
If the article contains illustrative material (drawings, photos, graphs, maps), the author declares that the said works are of his authorship, they do not infringe the rights of the third party (including personal rights, i.a. the authorization to reproduce physical likeness) and the author holds exclusive proprietary copyrights. The author publishes the above works as part of the article under the licence "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International".
ATTENTION! When the legal situation of the illustrative material has not been determined and the necessary consent has not been granted by the proprietary copyrights holders, the submitted material will not be accepted for editorial process. At the same time the author takes full responsibility for providing false data (this also regards covering the costs incurred by the University of Silesia Press and financial claims of the third party).
3. User Rights
Under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license, the users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) the article for any purpose, provided they attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor.
4. Co-Authorship
If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
I hereby declare that in the event of withdrawal of the text from the publishing process or submitting it to another publisher without agreement from the editorial office, I agree to cover all costs incurred by the University of Silesia in connection with my application.