Xenophobia and anti-Semitism in the Concept of Polish Literature
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31261/SSP.2021.17.06Keywords:
anti-Romism (anti-Tsiganism), anti-Semitism, Polish literature, xenophobiaAbstract
In today’s Central Europe ethnolinguistic nationalism is the region’s standard normative ideology of statehood creation, legitimation and maintenance. This ideology proposes that in spatial terms, the area of the use of national language X should overlap with the territory of nation-state X, in which all members of nation X should reside. In terms of cultural policy, this means that only works written by “indubitable” members of nation X in language X can be seen as belonging to culture X. This self-limiting pattern of ethnolinguistic “purity” (homogeneity) excluded from 20th century Polish literature much of traditional Polish-Lithuanian culture and numerous authors writing in other post-Polish-Lithuanian languages than Polish. Democratization that followed the fall of communism in 1989 partly transcended this ethnolinguistic exclusion, but the old national policy has been back since 2015.
References
Ash, Timothy Garton. 1983. The Polish Revolution: Solidarity. London: Jonathan Cape.
Barraclough, Leo. 2015. “Polish Film Institute Chief Celebrates as ‘Ida’ Becomes First Polish Movie to Win Foreign-language Film Oscar.” Variety, February 23, 2015. https://variety.com/2015/film/news/polish-film-institute-chief-celebrates-as-ida-becomesfirst-polish-movie-to-win-foreign-language-film-oscar-1201439540/.
Buchsbaum, Thomas M., and Sławomir Kapralski, eds. 2017. Beyond the Roma Holocaust: From Resistance to Mobilization. Kraków: Universitas; Warszawa: Austrian Embassy.
Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2nd April, 1997. Journal of Laws, no. 78, item 483. https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm. Accessed: March 15, 2020.
“Czy Olga Tokarczuk jest polską pisarką?” 2018. Salon24, May 23, 2018. https://www.salon24.pl/u/ostatnimit/868676,czy-olga-tokarczukjest-polska-pisarka.
Diderot, Denis, and Jean le Rond d’Alembert, eds. 1751–1772. Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers. Paris: Briasson, David, Le Breton and Durand.
Duličenko, Aleksandr. 1981. Slavianskie literaturnye mikroiazyki. Voprosy formirovaniia i razvitiia. Tallinn: Valgus.
Duminica, Ion. 2018. Report on the Inclusion of Roma History – Holocaust Teaching in School Curriculum and Textbooks. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. https://www.academia.edu/38887682/CoE_Report_on_the_Inclusion_of_Roma_History-Holocaust_teaching_in_School_Curriculum_and_Textbooks.
European Commission. 2020. Roma equality, inclusion and participation in the EU. https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-and-eu/romaintegration-eu_en. Accessed: March 15, 2020.
Flood, Alison. 2019. “Olga Tokarczuk and Peter Handke Win Nobel Prizes in Literature.” The Guardian, October 10, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/oct/10/nobel-prizes-in-literature-olga-tokarczuk-peter-handke-2019-2018.
Geller, Ewa, and Monika Polit, eds. 2008. Jidyszland – polskie przestrzenie. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.
Grynberg, Henryk. 2018. Memorbuch. Wołowiec: Wydawnictwo Czarne.
Fabianowski, Andrzej. 2018. Mickiewicz i świat żydowski. Studium z aneksami. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.
Fishman, David E. 2005. The Rise of Modern Yiddish Culture. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Halperin, Liora R. 2015. Babel in Zion: Jews, Nationalism and Language Diversity in Palestine, 1920–1948. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Hannan, Kevin. 1996. “The Lachian Literary Language of Óndra Łysohorsky.” The Slavic and East European Journal, vol. 40, no. 4 (Winter): 726–743.
Jaskułowski, Krzysztof. 2019. The Everyday Politics of Migration Crisis in Poland: Between Nationalism, Fear and Empathy. Cham: Palgrave Pivot.
Johnston, Garth. 2012. “Jew York City: NYC has more chosen people than Boston, Chicago, Philly, SF & DC combined!” Gothamist, June 12, 2012. http://gothamist.com/2012/06/12/jew_york_city_nyc_has_more_jews_tha.php.
Kamusella, Tomasz. 2017. The un-Polish Poland, 1989 and the Illusion of Regained Historical Continuity. Basingstoke: Palgrave Pivot.
Kamusella, Tomasz. 2019. “Wieszcz co miał farta, czyli jak Adam Mickiewicz stał się kimś więcej niż Żydem ‘przebranym’ za Polaka. ”Gazeta Wyborcza, November 30, 2019. https://wyborcza.pl/magazyn/7,124059,25455903,wieszcz-co-mial-farta-czyli-jakadam-mickiewicz-stal-sie.html.
Kolarska-Bobińska, Lena. 2018. “Ksenofobia jest już w Polsce w głównym nurcie.” Polityka, February 8, 2018. https://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/kraj/1737148,1,ksenofobia-jest-juzw-polsce-w-glownym-nurcie.read.
Kos-Krauze, Joanna, and Krzysztof Krauze. 2013. [feature film] Papusza. Warsaw: Argomedia, Telewizja Polska – Agencja Filmowa, Canal+ Polska, and Studio Filmowe Kadr.
Koszarska-Szulc, Justyna, Natalia Romik, and Zosia Sochańska. 2018. Obcy w domu. Wokół Marca ’68 / Estranged: March ‘68 and Its Aftermath. Warsaw: Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich Polin.
Lipski, Jan Józef. 2015. Idea Katolickiego Państwa Narodu Polskiego. Zarys ideologii ONR “Falanga.” Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Krytyki Politycznej.
Makowski, Jarosław. 2016. “Niebezpieczne zabawy PiS-u z nacjonalizmem. ”Newsweek, July 21, 2016. https://www.newsweek.pl/opinie/rasizmi-ksenofobia-w-polsce-pis-folguje-nacjonalistom/jjtr6j0.
Meyer, Joseph, ed. 1840–1855. Das große Conversations-Lexicon für die gebildeten Stände (in Verbindung mit Staatsmänner, Gelehrten, Künstlern und Techniken). Hildburghausen: Bibliographisches Institut.
Młodzież Wszechpolska szkoli członków: “Nacjonalizm w dobie wyzwań współczesności.” 2020. Marsz Niepodległości, February 25, 2020. https://medianarodowe.com/mlodziez-wszechpolska-szkoliczlonkow-nacjonalizm-w-dobie-wyzwan-wspolczesnosci/.
Papusza, 1956. Pieśni Papuszy / Papušakre gila. Translated from the Romani and edited by Jerzy Ficowski. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Zakładu im. Ossolińskich.
Patchett, Emma. 2017. Spacing (in) Diaspora: Law, Literature and the Roma [Law and Literature, vol. 14]. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Pawlikowski, Paweł. 2013. [feature film] Ida. Warsaw: Canal+ Polska, Copenhagen: Det Danske Filminstitut, Strasbourg: Euroimages.
Potocki, Jan. 1958 [1803]. Manuscrit trouvé à Saragosse. Paris: Gallimard.
Płużański, Tadeusz. 2015. “Ida” to film antypolski, który przynosi więcej szkody niż pożytku. Nie cieszę się z tego Oscara. wPolityce.pl. February 23, 2015. https://wpolityce.pl/polityka/234878-pluzanski-ida-to-film-antypolski-ktory-przynosi-wiecej-szkody-niz-pozytku-nie-ciesze-sie-z-tego-oscara-nasz-wywiad.
Rivalor, Antoine de. 1784. De l’universalité de la langue française, parfois appelé Discours sur l’universalité de la langue française. Paris–Berlin: Bailly et Desenne, l’Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Berlin.
Selling Jan, Markus End, Hristo Kyuchukov, Pia Laskar, and William Templer, eds. 2015. Antiziganism: What’s in a Word?: Proceedings from the Uppsala International Conference on the Discrimination, Marginalization and Persecution of Roma, 23–25 October 2013. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishers.
Singer, Isaac Bashevis, 2015. Collected Stories [The Library of America, vols. 149–151]. New York: The Library of America.
Systematische Bilder-gallerie zur allgemeinen deutschen Real-Encyclopädie (Conversations-Lexicon). 1825–1827. Carlsruhe–Freiburg: Herder’sche Kunst und Buchhandlung.
Szatkòwsczi, Pioter. 2017. “Zaginiona” mazurska powieść sprzed 120 lat rzuca nowe światło na język Mazurów. Skra – pismiono ò kùlturze, July 3. 2017. https://pismiono.com/zaginiona-mazurskapowiesc-sprzed-120-lat-rzuca-nowe-swiatlo-na-jezyk-mazurow/.
Tokarczuk, Olga. 2014. Księgi Jakubowe albo wielka podróż przez siedem granic, pięć języków i trzy duże religie, nie licząc tych małych. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie.
Toninato, Paola. 2014. Romani Writing: Literacy, Literature and Identity Politics [Routledge Research in Literacy, vol. 4]. New York: Routledge.
Zahova, Sofiya. 2014. History of Romani Literature with Multimedia on Romani Kids’ Publications. Sofia: Paradigma.
Zahova, Sofiya. 2016. “Romani Literature: Historical Developments and Challenges of Internationalization.” In Roma Culture: Myths and Realities, edited by Elena Marushiakova and Vesselin Popov, 81–126. Munich: Lincom Academic Publisher.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The Copyright Owners of the submitted texts grant the Reader the right to use the pdf documents under the provisions of the Creative Commons 4.0 International License: Attribution-Share-Alike (CC BY-SA). The user can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose.
1. License
The University of Silesia Press provides immediate open access to journal’s content under the Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Authors who publish with this journal retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned CC BY-SA 4.0 license.
2. Author’s Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s.
If the article contains illustrative material (drawings, photos, graphs, maps), the author declares that the said works are of his authorship, they do not infringe the rights of the third party (including personal rights, i.a. the authorization to reproduce physical likeness) and the author holds exclusive proprietary copyrights. The author publishes the above works as part of the article under the licence "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International".
ATTENTION! When the legal situation of the illustrative material has not been determined and the necessary consent has not been granted by the proprietary copyrights holders, the submitted material will not be accepted for editorial process. At the same time the author takes full responsibility for providing false data (this also regards covering the costs incurred by the University of Silesia Press and financial claims of the third party).
3. User Rights
Under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license, the users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) the article for any purpose, provided they attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor.
4. Co-Authorship
If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
I hereby declare that in the event of withdrawal of the text from the publishing process or submitting it to another publisher without agreement from the editorial office, I agree to cover all costs incurred by the University of Silesia in connection with my application.
