Ritual slaughter is inhumane
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31261/ZOOPHILOLOGICA.2023.12.11Keywords:
ritual slaughter, shechita, animal suffering, welfare compromise, exsanguinationAbstract
In reaction to publishing the article by P.T. Skoczykłoda (Zoophilologica nr 2 (10)/2022) who uses religious sources to demonstrate that Jewish ritual slaughter or shechita does not harm animals more than the standard slaughter, and portrays this stance as being compatible with science, the shechita is here compared to the standard slaughter in the light of current knowledge. All credible results of physiological experiments and systematic studies of the real proces in the slughter-houses leave no doubt that the correct standard slaughter starting with stunning causes much less suffering than any, even perfect cut without stunning which leaves an animal conscious with excruiciating pain until the death by exsanguination. Several independent quantitative studies of the latter demonstrated, that stunning preceding the cut does not affect either the rate or the final effect of exsanguination, which runs contrary to the religious tales, and calls into question the very religious sense of ritual slaughter. Systematic observations in slaughterhouses show that both standard slaughter and shechita are prone to malfunction that affects substantial numbers of animals and cause a great amount of additional pain except that faulty stunning shots should and usually are corrected by a second shot whereas in shechita animals are left to die of exsanguination whatever the cause of their prolonged agony (usually 20–80 seconds but sometimes much longer). In addition, the neck cut of a fully conscious animal necessaitates complete restraint – whereas in a modern slaughterhouse the cow is compressed in a slaughter box, in the traditional shechita the cow had the muzzle shackled to the ground while being suspended and hoisted by one hind leg, all of which is a torture made of pain and panic. This infamous, broadly used shackle-and-hoist technique, only recently banned in the USA and Isreal under the public pressure, contradicts the claim that shechita is meant to alleviate animal suffering.
References
Bibliografia
Agbeniga, Babatunde, Edward C. Webb. „Effect of slaughter technique on bleed-out, blood in the trachea and blood splash in the lungs of cattle”. South African Journal of Animal Science, 42 (5, suppl. 1) (2012): 524–529.
Anil, Haluk M. „Religious slaughter: a current controversial animal welfare issue”. Animal Frontiers, 2 (2012): 64–67.
Atkinson, Sophie, Antonio Velarde, Bo Algers. „Assessment of stun quality at commercial slaughter in cattle shot with captive bolt”. Animal Welfare, 22 (2013): 473–481.
Blackman, N.L., K. Cheetham, D.K. Blackmore. „Differences in blood supply to the cerebral cortex between sheep and calves during slaughter”. Research in Veterinary Science, 40 (1986): 252–254.
Bozzo, Giancarlo, Roberta Barrasso, Patrizia Marchetti, Rocco Roma, Giorgio Samoilis, Giuseppina Tantillo, Edmondo Ceci. „Analysis of stress indicators for evaluation of animal welfare and meat quality in traditional and Jewish slaughtering”. Animals, 8 (2018): 43.
Daly, C.C., Erhard Kallweit, Franz Ellendorf. „Cortical function in cattle during slaughter: conventional captive bolt stunning followed by exsanguination compared with Shechita slaughter”. Veterinary Record, 122 (1988): 325–329.
EFSA. „Welfare aspects of animal stunning and killing methods – Scientific Report of the Scientific Panel for Animal Health and Welfare on a request from the Commission related to welfare aspects of animal stunning and killing methods”. EFSA-Q-2003-093, (2004). http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/efsa_locale-1178620753812_1178620775454.htm.
FAWC. Report on the Welfare of Farmed Animals at Slaughter or Killing Part 1: Red Meat Animals. London: Farm Animal Welfare Council, 2003.
Gibson, Troy J.,Craig B. Johnson, Joanna C. Murrell, Corrin M. Hulls, Sheryl L. Mitchinson, Kevin J. Stafford, Alistair C. Johnstone, David J. Mellor. „Electroencephalographic responses of halothane-anaesthetised calves to slaughter by ventral-neck incision without prior stunning”. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 57 (2009): 77– 83.
Gibson, Troy J., Steffan Edward Octávio Oliveira, Filipe Antonio Dalla Costa, Neville G. Gregory. „Electroencephalographic assessment of pneumatically powered penetrating and non-penetrating captive-bolt stunning of bulls”. Meat Science, 151 (2019): 54–59.
Gregory, Neville G. Physiology and behavior of animal suffering. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2004.
Gregory, Neville G., Claire J. Lee, Joanne P. Widdicombe. „Depth of concussion in cattle shot by penetrating captive bolt”. Meat Science, 77 (2007): 499–503.
Gregory, Neville G., Martin von Wenzlawowicz, Rashedul M. Alam, Haluk M. Anil, Tahsin Yeşildere, Ayona Silva-Fletcher. „False aneurysms in carotid arteries of cattle and water buffalo during shechita and halal slaughter”. Meat Science, 79 (2008): 285–288.
Gregory, Neville G., Helen R. Fielding, Martin von Wenzlawowicz, Karen von Holleben. „Time to collapse following slaughter without stunning in cattle”. Meat Science, 85 (1) (2010), 66–69.
Gregory, Neville G., Martin von Wenzlawowicz, Karen von Holleben, Helen R. Fielding, Troy J. Gibson, Luc Mirabito, R. Kolesar. „Complications during shechita and halal slaughter without stunning in cattle”. Animal Welfare, 21 (2012): 81–86.
Hodkin, Michelle. „When ritual slaughter isn’t kosher: An examination of shechita and the humane methods of slaughter act”. Journal of Animal Law, 1 (2005): 129–150. https://www.animallaw.info/article/when-ritual-slaughter-isnt-kosher-examination-shechita-and-humane-methods-slaughter-act.
Holleben von, Karen, Martin von Wenzlawowicz, Neville Gregory, Haluk M. Anil, Antonio Velarde, Pedro Rodriguez, Beniamino Cenci Goga, Bernardo Catanese, Bert Lambooij. „Report on good and adverse practices – Animal welfare concerns in relation to slaughter practices from the viewpoint of veterinary sciences”. Dialrel Deliverable 1.3 (2010). http://issuu.com/florencebergeaud-blackler/docs/dialrel-recommandations-final-edited.
Johnson, Craig B., David J. Mellor, Paul H. Hemsworth, Andrew D. Fisher. „A scientific comment on the welfare of domesticated ruminants slaughtered without stunning”. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 63 (2015): 58–65.
Lambooij, Bert, Jozef T.N. van der Werf, Henny G.M. Reimert, Vincent A. Hindle. „Restraining and neck cutting or stunning and neck cutting of veal calves”. Meat Science, 91 (2012): 22–28.
Leffert, Sean. „Is ongoing ritual slaughter of livestock justifiable in modern America?”. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 49 (2021): 492–522.
Mariak, Volker. Konkurrierende Staatsziele – Religionsfreiheit vs. Tierschutz. Hamburg: tredition Gmbh, 2016.
Mellor, David J., Troy J. Gibson, Craig B. Johnson. „A re-evaluation of the need to stun calves prior to slaughter by ventral-neck incision: an introductory review”. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 57 (2009): 74–76.
Oliveira, Steffan Edward Octávio, Neville G. Gregory, Filipe Antonio Dalla Costa, Troy J. Gibson,. Osmar Antonio Dalla Costa,. Mateus J.R. Paranhos da Costa. „Effectiveness of pneumatically powered penetrating and non-penetrating captive bolts in stunning cattle”. Meat Science, 140 (2018): 9–13.
Ostertag von, Robert. Lehrbuch der Schlachtvieh- und Fleischbeschau einschliesslich der Tierärztlichen Lebensmittelkontrolle für Tierärzte und Studierende der Tierheilkunde. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1932.
Pałka, Robert. „Ubój rytualny”. Gospodarka Mięsna, 7 (2012): 12–15.
Sabow, Azad Behnam, Awis Qurni Sazili, Idrus Zulkifli, Yong M. Goh, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, Nazim Rasul Abdulla, … and Kazeem Dauda Adeyemi. „A comparison of bleeding efficiency, microbiological quality and lipid oxidation in goats subjected to conscious halal slaughter and slaughter following minimal anesthesia”. Meat Science, 104 (2015): 78–84.
Stern, Jakob. Zeitbewegende Fragen 1: Schächten – Streitschrift gegen den jüdischen Schlachtritus. Lipsk: Verlag des Kössling’schen Buchhandlung (Gustav Wolf), 1883.
Velarde, Antonio, Pedro Rodriguez, C. Fuentes, Pol Llonch, Karen von Holleben, Martin von Wenzlawowicz, Haluk Anil, Mara Miele, Beniamino Cenci Goga, Bert Lambooij, Ari Zivotofsky, Neville Gregory, Florence Bergaeaud-Blackler, Antoni Dalmau. „Improving animal welfare during religious slaughter. Recommendations for good practice”. Dialrel Reports, 2.4. (2010).
Wenzlawowicz von, Martin, Karen von Holleben, Erhard Eser. „Identifying reasons for stun failures in slaughterhouses for cattle and pigs: a field study”. Animal Welfare, 21 (2012): 51–60.
Netografia
Alderman, Geofrey. „Slaughtering the opposition”. Jewish Chronicle, 15.05.2009 (artykuł wycofany z Internetu; dostęp: 12.05.2012).
Ahren, Raphael. https://www.haaretz.com/2011-06-10/ty-article/despite-rabbinates-promises-meat-from-inhumane-slaughterhouses-still-being-marked-as-kosher/0000017f-dc02-db5a-a57f-dc6a83830000. Haaretz.com, 10.06.2011.
Anonymus. „‘Shackle and Hoist’: on Kosher Slaughter”. https://circlealeph.wordpress.com/2010/04/16/shackle-and-hoist/. Circle Aleph, 16.04.2010.
BVA. „72% want information on stunning of animals when buying meat, says EU-wide study”. https://www.bva.co.uk/news-and-blog/news-article/72-want-information-on-stunning-of-animals-when-buying-meat-says-eu-wide-study/ 6-06-2015.
BVA. „All animals should be stunned before slaughter”. https://www.bva.co.uk/take-action/welfare-at-slaughter-campaign/ (dostęp: 15.08.2023).
Dolsten Josefin. „Orthodox Union Says No More Beef Slaughtered With ‘Shackle and Hoist’”. https://www.timesofisrael.com/orthodox-union-says-no-more-beef-slaughtered-with-shackle-and-hoist/. Times of Israel, 24.07.2018.
FVE. „Slaughter without stunning causes unnecessary suffering”. https://fve.org/publications/slaughter_without_stunning/ (dostęp: 8.02.2019).
Gabryelów, Lila. „Pod kontrolą Żydów”. Panorama Leszczyńska, 25.09.2010 (artykuł wycofany z Internetu po kampanii o zakaz uboju rytualnego 2012–2014; dostęp: 13.01.2013).
Kość, Wojciech. The Guardian, 9.10.2020. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/09/nine-out-of-10-eu-citizens-oppose-animal-slaughter-without-stunning-poll-finds.
Krajowa Rada Lekarsko-Weterynaryjna. „Stanowisko Krajowej Rady Lekarsko-Weterynaryjnej z dnia 20 marca 2013 r. w sprawie projektu ustawy o zmianie ustawy o ochronie zwierząt”. https://vetpol.org.pl/prawo/cat_view/591-dokumenty/352-stanowiska-krlw/596-stanowiska-krlw (dostęp: 15.08.2023).
Margolin, Menachem. https://www.rp.pl/opinie-polityczno-spoleczne/art12945621-rabin-margolin-o-uboju-rytualnym. Rzeczpospolita, 29.07.2013.
Popper, Nathaniel. „Widely condemned cattle-killing method is used by kosher meat firm’s supplier”. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-apr-15-la-fi-kosher-slaughter15-2010apr15-story.html. Los Angeles Times, 15.04.2010.
Schudrich, Michael. https://www.rp.pl/publicystyka/art13287251-zabic-zwierze-jednym-cieciem (wywiad – Matylda Młocka). Rzeczpospolita, 3.03.2013.
Trybunał Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej (TSUE) 17.12.2020. Judgment in Case C-336/19 Centraal Israëlitisch Consistorie van België and Others. https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2020-12/cp200163en.pdf.
Yanklowitz Shmuel. https://www.wsj.com/articles/shmuly-yanklowitz-why-this-rabbi-is-swearing-off-kosher-meat-1401404939. The Wall Street Journal, 29.05.2014.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The Copyright Owners of the submitted texts grant the Reader the right to use the pdf documents under the provisions of the Creative Commons 4.0 International License: Attribution-Share-Alike (CC BY-SA). The user can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose.
1. License
The University of Silesia Press provides immediate open access to journal’s content under the Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Authors who publish with this journal retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned CC BY-SA 4.0 license.
2. Author’s Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s.
If the article contains illustrative material (drawings, photos, graphs, maps), the author declares that the said works are of his authorship, they do not infringe the rights of the third party (including personal rights, i.a. the authorization to reproduce physical likeness) and the author holds exclusive proprietary copyrights. The author publishes the above works as part of the article under the licence "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International".
ATTENTION! When the legal situation of the illustrative material has not been determined and the necessary consent has not been granted by the proprietary copyrights holders, the submitted material will not be accepted for editorial process. At the same time the author takes full responsibility for providing false data (this also regards covering the costs incurred by the University of Silesia Press and financial claims of the third party).
3. User Rights
Under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license, the users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) the article for any purpose, provided they attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor.
4. Co-Authorship
If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
I hereby declare that in the event of withdrawal of the text from the publishing process or submitting it to another publisher without agreement from the editorial office, I agree to cover all costs incurred by the University of Silesia in connection with my application.