Yiddish, or Jewish German? The Holocaust, the Goethe-Institut, and Germany’s Neglected Obligation to Peace and the Common European Cultural Heritage
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31261/SSP.2021.18.14Keywords:
Europe, Goethe-Institut, Holocaust remembrance, Katastrofe, YiddishAbstract
The vast majority of Holocaust victims and survivors were Ashkenazim. Their main language was Yiddish. Yiddish is very close to German, the main difference being that the former is written in Hebrew letters, while the latter in Latin ones. Postwar Europe’s moral foundation is Holocaust remembrance. But this remembrance to be effective, it must be active in the absence of Holocaust survivors. A way to ensure that could be the novel school and university subject of Yiddish for reading purposes. As a result, researchers and interested Europeans would start reading documents and books in Yiddish again. Germany’s premiere cultural organization, Goethe-Institut, is uniquely well-placed and morally obligated to facilitate the relaunch, popularization and cultivation of the skill to read Yiddish-language sources and publications for both the sake of research and for pleasure.
References
Andersz, Katarzyna, and Łukasz Górniok. 2018. “Jak otwierała się Szwecja.” Chidusz, 45, no. 2. Accessed December 12, 2020. https://chidusz.com/marzec-1968-szwecja-lukasz-gorniok-paideia-emigracja/.
BBC News. 2015. “Portugal to Naturalise Descendants of Jews Expelled Centuries Ago.” 29 Jan, 2015. Accessed December 11, 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-31051223.
Böttcher, Ernst. 1930. Teubners Geschichtsatlas. Leipzig: Teubner.
Brichtig. 2012. A map of the Central German Dialect/Mitteldeutsche Mundarten nach 1945 (ohne Pennsylvaniadeutsch, Siebenbürgisch -Sächsisch) [map]. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed December 12, 2020. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mitteldeutsche_Mundarten.png.
Cohen, Boaz. 2015. “Dr Meir (Mark) Dworzecki: The Historical Mission of a Survivor Historian.” Holocaust Studies: A Journal of Culture and History 21, nos. 1–2 (Special Issue: Survivor Historians and the Holocaust): 24–37.
Connolly, Kate. 2019. “Germany Citizenship Rules for Descendants of Nazi Victims Eased.” The Guardian, August 29, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/29/germany-to-ease-citizenship-law-for-descendants-of-nazi-victims.
Consulate of Spain in Los Ángeles. n.d. “Nationality for Sephardic Jews.” Accessed December 12, 2020. http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Consulados/LOSANGELES/en/ServiciosConsulares/CSLA/Paginas/CSLA%20(English)/Nationality-for-Sephardic-Jews.aspx.
Council of Europe. 1971. Official Documents of the Conference / Documents officiels de la Conférence / Conseil de l’Europe, 2e Conférence démographique européenne, Strasbourg, 31 août – 7 septembre 1971. Strasbourg: Conseil de l’Europe. Accessed: December 12, 2020. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VgAmAQAAMAAJ&q=dutch+population+8+million+1930&dq=dutch+population+8+million+1930&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjEl6emrfrqAhU3QUEAHcavBUIQ6AEwAnoECAEQAg.
Council of Europe. 2020. “States Parties to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and Their Regional or Minority Languages (Listed by Language on p.6).” Last modified April 28, 2020. Accessed December 12, 2020. https://rm.coe.int/languagescovered-en-rev2804/16809e4301.
DellaPergola, Sergio. 2019. World Jewish Population, 2018 [Current Jewish Population Reports, vol. 23]. Stanford CA: Berman Jewish DataBank. https://www.jewishdatabank.org/content/upload/bjdb/2018-World_Jewish_Population_(AJYB,_DellaPergola)_DB_Final.pdf.
Department of Literature of Jewish People. n.d. “The Rena Costa Center for Yiddish Studies.” Last modified March 7, 2021. Accessed December 12, 2020. https://hebrew-literature.biu.ac.il/en/node/1901.
Der Verbreitung der Juden in Mitteleuropa. 1881 [map]. Bilefeld: Velhagen & Klasing. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Juden_1881.JPG. Accessed Dec 12, 2020.
Digital Yiddish Library: The Yiddish Book Center’s Steven Spielberg Digital Yiddish Library. n.d. Accessed December 12, 2020. https://www.yiddishbookcenter.org/collections/digital-yiddish-library.
DW. 2020. “Germany: Halle Synagogue Shooting Suspect Charged with Double Murder.” 2020. DW, April 21, 2020. Accessed December 12, 2020. https://www.dw.com/en/germany-halle-synagogue-shooting-suspect-charged-with-double-murder/a-53201696.
Elgot, Jessica, Heather Stewart, and Lisa O’Carroll. 2020. “Labour Set to Apologise to Antisemitism Whistleblowers.” The Guardian, 15 July, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/jul/15/labour-to-apologise-to-antisemitism-whistleblowers.
El-Roeiy. 2015. “Is Swedish Yiddish the Key to Europe’s Jewish Future?” New Voices, 6 May 2015. Accessed December 12, 2020. https://newvoices.org/2015/05/06/is-swedish-yiddish-the-key-to-europes-jewish-future/.
eSefarad: Noticias del Mundo Sefardi. n.d. “Mapped: Where Sephardic Jews Live After They Were Kicked out of Spain 500 Years Ago.” Accessed December 10, 2020. https://esefarad.com/?p=78745.
Goethe-Institut Locations. n.d. “Locations.” Accessed December 12, 2020. https://www.goethe.de/en/wwt.html.
Goethe-Institut. n.d. “History of the Goethe-Institut.” Accessed December 12, 2020. https://www.goethe.de/en/uun/org/ges.html.
Goldberg, Jeffrey. 2015. “Is It Time for the Jews to Leave Europe?” The Atlantic, April, 2015. Accessed December 12, 2020. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/04/is-it-time-for-thejews-to-leave-europe/386279/.
Gooskens, Charlotte, Sebastian Kürschner, and Renée van Bezooijen. 2011. “Intelligibility of Standard German and Low German to Speakers of Dutch.” Dialectologia 7: 35–63. http://www.let.rug.nl/gooskens/pdf/publ_dialectologia_accepted.pdf.
Grimley, Naomi. 2019. Turning Portuguese. BBC News, May 24, 2019. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/Turning_Portuguese.
Gross, Jan Tomasz. 2018. Sąsiedzi i inni. Prace zebrane na temat Zagłady. Kraków: Austeria.
Ikhveysnit. 2010. “Yiddish vs. German: An Experiment.” July 4, 2010. Educational video, 8:03. Accessed December 12, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-qQSAEMq5ko.
Ingall, Marjorie. 2019. “How Sweden Became the Epicenter of Yiddish Children’s Media.” Tablet, Jul 9, 2019. https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/community/articles/sweden-yiddish-childrens-media.
Instituto Cervantes. 2020. “El Cervantes abrirá una extensión en Salónica para promover el legado sefardí.” July 28, 2020. Accessed December 12, 2020. https://www.cervantes.es/sobre_instituto_cervantes/prensa/2020/noticias/extensión_salonica.htm.
Jewish Historical Institute, n.d. “Ringelblum Archive.” Accessed Dec 12, 2020. https://onegszabat.org/en/ringelblum-archive/.
Jewish News. 2020. “Spain Extends Deadline for Sephardic Jews to Claim Citizenship. 2020.” 14 May, 2020. Accessed December 12, 2020. https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/spain-extends-deadline-for-sephardic-jews-to-claim-citizenship/.
Jones, Sam. 2019. “132,000 Descendants of Expelled Jews Apply for Spanish Citizenship.” The Guardian, October 2, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/02/132000-sephardic-jews-apply-for-spanish-citizenship.
Jones, Sam. 2020. “Thessaloniki’s Jews: ‘We Can’t Let This Be Forgotten; If It’s Forgotten, It Will Die.’” The Guardian, July 30, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/30/thessalonikisjews-we-cant-let-this-be-forgotten-if-its-forgotten-it-will-die.
Kafrissen, Rokhl. 2019. “Israel’s Latest Fearsome National Security Threat: Yiddish.” Haaretz, October 6, 2019. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israel-s-latest-fearsome-national-security-threat-yiddish-1.7947906.
Kamusella, Tomasz. 2019. “Yiddish-German: From Central Europe to the Holocaust and Back?” New Eastern Europe, January 16, 2019.
https://neweasterneurope.eu/2019/01/16/yiddish-german-fromcentral-europe-to-the-holocaust-and-back/.
Kamusella, Tomasz. 2020. “Judeo-Christian Europe and Language Politics.” Wachtyrz, October 13, 2020. https://wachtyrz.eu/judeo-christian-europe-and-language-politics/.
Kopjik. 2012. “Yidish in shvedn – haynt 22 ”.ייִדיש אין שוועדן – הייַנט July, 2012. Accessed December 12, 2020. https://kopjik.wordpress.com/yiddish-around-the-world-ייִדיש-אַרום-די-וועלט/yiddish-in-sweden/.
Koryakov, Yuri. 2008. Map of Traditional Dialects of Yiddish (in Russian) [Map]. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed December 12, 2020. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yidish-dialects-ru.png.
Kutzik, Jordan. 2017. “Swedish Music Videos Teach Children Yiddish.” Forward, December 19, 2017. https://forward.com/culture/390381/swedish-music-videos-teach-children-yiddish-sveriges-jiddischforbund/.
Lansky, Aaron. 2004. Outwitting History: How a Young Man Rescued a Million Books and Saved a Vanishing Civilization. Chapel Hill NC: Algonquin Books.
Lemée, Carol. 2018. “History-Memory of Litvak Yiddish Spaces after the Holocaust: Between Worlds of Life and Worlds of Assassination.” Ethnologie française 170, no. 2: 225–242.
Magocsi, Paul Robert. 2002. Historical Atlas of Central Europe. Seattle WA: University of Washington Press.
Mémorial de la Shoah. n.d. “What is the Shoah?” Accessed: December 12, 2020. http://www.memorialdelashoah.org/en/archives-and-documentation/what-is-the-shoah.html.
Merkel, Angela. 2019. “Speech by Federal Chancellor Dr Angela Merkel Marking the 10th Anniversary of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Foundation, Auschwitz, 6 December 2019.” The Federal Chancellor, December 6, 2019. Accessed December 12, 2020. https://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/bkin-en/news/speech-by-federal-chancellor-dr-angela-merkel-marking-the-10th-anniversary-of-the-auschwitz-birkenau-foundation-auschwitz-6-december-2019-1704954.
Miller, Judith. 1986. “Erasing the Past: Europe’s Amnesia about the Holocaust.” The New York Times, November 16, 1986. https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/16/magazine/erasing-the-past-europe-s-amnesia-about-the-holocaust.html.
Miller, Ryan W. 2019. “Like Americans, Austrians Are Forgetting the Holocaust. These are the shocking numbers.” USA Today, May 2, 2019. https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2019/05/02/austrians-forgetting-holocaust-like-americans-survey-finds/3500048002/.
National Library of Sweden. n.d. “di mlukhishe biblyotek fun shvedn די מלוכישע ביבליאָטעק פֿון שװעדן .” Last modified May 28, 2020. Accessed December 12, 2020. https://www.kb.se/languages/yyidys.html.
Open Society Foundations. 2019. “What Is the Roma Genocide?” Last modified May, 2019. Accessed December 12, 2020. https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/explainers/what-roma-genocide.
Riegert, Bernd. “2019. Anti-Semitism on the Rise in the EU.” DW, October 14, 2019. https://www.dw.com/en/anti-semitism-on-the-rise-in-the-eu/a-50820057.
Schwarz, Jan. 2018. “Speaking of Sutzkever: On Yiddish in Scandinavia.” In Geveb: A Journal of Yiddish Studies, June 28, 2018. https://ingeveb.org/blog/sutzkever-in-scandinavia.
Sieradzka, Monika. 2018. “Poland Marks 50 Years Since 1968 anti-Semitic Purge.” DW, March 8, 2018. https://www.dw.com/en/poland-marks-50-years-since-1968-anti-semitic-purge/a-42877652.
Smith, Mark L. 2019. The Yiddish Historians and the Struggle for a Jewish History of the Holocaust. Detroit MI: Wayne State University Press.
Strack, Christoph. 2018. Berlin: Where Jews Want to Live. DW, November 9, 2018. https://www.dw.com/en/berlin-where-jews-want-to-live/a-46229120.
Strack, Christoph. 2019. “At Auschwitz, Angela Merkel Expresses Shame over Barbaric Crimes.” DW, December 6, 2019. https://www.dw.com/en/at-auschwitz-angela-merkel-expresses-shame-over-barbaric-crimes/a-51559332.
Sveriges Jiddischförbund. n.d. “Detta är Jiddischförbundet.” Accessed December 12, 2020. https://www.jiddischforbundet.se/jiddischfoerbundet/detta-aer-jiddischfoerbundet.
Turski, Marian. 2020. “Auschwitz, 75 years on: ‘Do not be indifferent’, Says Death Camp Survivor Marian Turski.” France 24, speech video, 22:11. January 27, 2020. Accessed December 12, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VaPF_g0jHxk.
Tzitzikos, Anastasios. 2017. “The Nazis Were Not the First: The Long History of Book Burnings.” Wiener Holocaust Library Blog, June, 28, 2017. Accessed December 12, 2020. https://www.wienerlibrary.co.uk/Blog?item=250&returnoffset=30.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. n.d. “Holocaust Encyclopedia. Eichmann Trial.” Last modified April 9, 2021. Accessed December 12, 2020. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/eichmann-trial.
Viereck, Wolfgang, Karin Viereck, Heinrich Ramisch, and Werner Wildermuth, 2002. dtv-Atlas Englische Sprache [dtv, vol. 3239]. Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.
Whitehouse, Rosie. 2019. “The Fight to Get Citizenship for Descendants of German Jews.” BBC News, November 18, 2019. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories-50398227.
Wikimedia Commons. 2008. Deutsche Dialekte [map]. Accessed December 12, 2020. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Deutsche_Dialekte.PNG.
Witmore, Bryan. 2016. Yiddish and Relation To the German Dialects. MA thesis, University of South Carolina. Accessed December 12, 2020. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4534&context=etd.
Wodziński, Marcin, and Waldemar Spallek. 2019. Chasydyzm. Atlas historyczny. Kraków: Austeria.
Yiddish Sources. n.d. “Sveriges Jiddischförbund – League for Yiddish in Sweden.” Accessed: December 12, 2020. http://yiddish-sources.com/sveriges-jiddischforbund.
Yudelson, Larry. 2019. “Sweden and the Survival of the Yiddish.” Jewish Standard, May 2, 2019. https://jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com/sweden-and-the-survival-of-the-yiddish/.
Żydowski Instytut Historyczny im. Emanuela Ringelbluma. n.d. “Pełna edycja Archiwum Ringelbluma.” Accessed December 12, 2020. https://jhi.pl/nauka/archiwum-ringelbluma-i-grupa-oneg-szabat/pelna-edycja-archiwum-ringelbluma.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The Copyright Owners of the submitted texts grant the Reader the right to use the pdf documents under the provisions of the Creative Commons 4.0 International License: Attribution-Share-Alike (CC BY-SA). The user can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose.
1. License
The University of Silesia Press provides immediate open access to journal’s content under the Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Authors who publish with this journal retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned CC BY-SA 4.0 license.
2. Author’s Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s.
If the article contains illustrative material (drawings, photos, graphs, maps), the author declares that the said works are of his authorship, they do not infringe the rights of the third party (including personal rights, i.a. the authorization to reproduce physical likeness) and the author holds exclusive proprietary copyrights. The author publishes the above works as part of the article under the licence "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International".
ATTENTION! When the legal situation of the illustrative material has not been determined and the necessary consent has not been granted by the proprietary copyrights holders, the submitted material will not be accepted for editorial process. At the same time the author takes full responsibility for providing false data (this also regards covering the costs incurred by the University of Silesia Press and financial claims of the third party).
3. User Rights
Under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license, the users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) the article for any purpose, provided they attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor.
4. Co-Authorship
If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
I hereby declare that in the event of withdrawal of the text from the publishing process or submitting it to another publisher without agreement from the editorial office, I agree to cover all costs incurred by the University of Silesia in connection with my application.